| Alary (unpublished estimate) |
2003–18 |
Province of Quebec and Ottawa, Canada |
Retrospective cohort
46
- Blouin Okay
- Leclerc P
- Morissette C
- et al.
Intercourse work as an rising threat issue for human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion amongst individuals who inject medication within the SurvUDI community.
|
Unstable housing previously 6 months |
HIV and HCV |
HIV: 1930 HCV: 814 |
HIV: 1·08 HCV: 20·2 |
HIV: HR 1·26 (0·83–1·93);aHR 0·98 (0·62–1·53) HCV: HR 1·64 (1·34–2·00);aHR 1·44 (1·16–1·78) |
Residing in jail inside the previous 6 months, OST publicity, utilizing syringes utilized by another person, cocaine being most frequently injected drug, injecting medication day by day, age ≥25 years, male gender, prostitution, city websites |
HIV: 7 HCV: 7 |
Artenie et al (2019)
47
- Artenie AA
- Minoyan N
- Jacka B
- et al.
Opioid agonist remedy dosage and patient-perceived dosage adequacy, and threat of hepatitis C an infection amongst individuals who inject medication.
|
2004–17 |
Montreal, QC, Canada |
Potential cohort |
Unstable housing previously month |
HCV |
513 |
11·8 |
HR 2·34 (1·72–3·17);aHR 2·14 (1·54–2·96) |
OAT dose and perceived adequacy, intercourse, length of injection drug use, cocaine injection previously month, incarceration previously 3 or 6 months, earlier HCV an infection |
8 |
Bruneau et al (2011)
48
- Bruneau J
- Daniel M
- Abrahamowicz M
- Zang G
- Lamothe F
- Vincelette J
Developments in human immunodeficiency virus incidence and threat conduct amongst injection drug customers in montreal, Canada: a 16-year longitudinal research.
|
1992–2008 |
Montreal, QC, Canada |
Potential cohort |
Unstable housing previously 6 months |
HIV |
2137 |
3·3 |
HR 3·08 (2·22–4·28);aHR 2·07 (1·47–2·90) |
Age ≥30 years, gender, cocaine use previously month, heroin use previously month, sharing syringes with an individual recognized to be HIV optimistic, “booting”, having intercourse with an individual recognized to be HIV optimistic, interval of recruitment, NEP participation, acquiring 100% of syringes from a protected supply |
7 |
Craine et al (2009)
49
- Craine N
- Hickman M
- Parry JV
- et al.
Incidence of hepatitis C in drug injectors: the function of homelessness, opiate substitution remedy, tools sharing, and group dimension.
|
2004–06 |
Newport and Calidicot, Cardiff and Barry, Bridgend, Neath & Porth Talbot, Swansea, Merthyr Tydfil, Pontypridd, Rhydfelin, Treorchy, Aberdare, Abergavenny, UK |
Potential cohort |
Homelessness previously 12 months |
HCV |
286 |
5·9 |
IRR 4·41 (1·60–12·5);aIRR 2·9 (1·02–8·28) |
In OST at follow-up, any tools sharing previously 12 months, sharing needles and syringes in previous 12 months, inhabitants dimension of area |
7 |
| Debeck (unpublished estimate) |
2005–16 |
Vancouver, BC, Canada |
Potential cohort
50
- Puri N
- DeBeck Okay
- Feng C
- Kerr T
- Rieb L
- Wooden E
Gender influences on hepatitis C incidence amongst road youth in a Canadian setting.
|
Homelessness previously 6 months |
HIV and HCV |
HIV: 476 HCV: 405 |
NA |
HIV: HR 1·88 (0·27–13·03);aHR 1·96 (0·31–12·27) HCV: HR 1·69 (1·1–2·6);aHR 1·45 (0·92–2·28) |
Current incarceration (previous 6 months), MMT protection, crack injecting (previous 6 months) |
HIV: 8 HCV: 8 |
| Dumchev (unpublished estimate) |
2013–15 |
Ukraine |
Potential cohort
51
Dumchev Okay, Samko M, Barska J, Salyuk T. HIV testing and ART are related to decrease HIV incidence amongst PWID in Ukraine. 21th Worldwide AIDS Convention; Durban, South Africa; July 18–22, 2016 (poster LBPE015).
|
Present homelessness |
HIV and HCV |
HIV: 2157 HCV: 2157 |
HIV: 1·8 HCV: 21·5 |
HIV: IRR 1·16 (0·07–18·86) HCV: HR 1·80 (0·80–4·07);aHR 1·57 (0·69–3·54) |
Ever been in jail, age (steady), injecting drug use length (steady) |
HIV: 6 HCV: 6 |
Hagan et al (2001)
41
- Hagan H
- Thiede H
- Weiss NS
- Hopkins SG
- Duchin JS
- Alexander ER
Sharing of drug preparation tools as a threat issue for hepatitis C.
|
1994–97 |
Seattle, WA, USA |
Potential cohort |
Homelessness previously 12 months |
HCV |
317 |
16·7 |
RR 1·08 (0·59–1·97) |
NA |
5 |
Hagan et al (2010)
52
- Hagan H
- Pouget ER
- Williams IT
- et al.
Attribution of hepatitis C virus seroconversion threat in younger injection drug customers in 5 US cities.
|
2002–04 |
Baltimore, MA; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; New York, NY; and Seattle, WA USA |
Potential cohort |
Homelessness previously 6 months |
HCV |
483 |
17·2 |
HR 0·93 (0·68–2·29) |
NA |
5 |
| Hayashi (unpublished estimate) |
1996–2016 |
Vancouver, BC, Canada |
Potential cohort
32
- Scheim AI
- Nosova E
- Knight R
- Hayashi Okay
- Kerr T
HIV incidence amongst males who’ve intercourse with males and inject medication in a Canadian setting.
|
Homelessness previously 6 months |
HIV and HCV |
HIV: 1763 HCV: 387 |
NA |
HIV: HR 0·78 (0·54–1·14);aHR 0·73 (0·50–1·06);HCV: HR 1·57 (1·11–2·22);aHR 1·62 (1·14–2·29) |
Current incarceration (previous 6 months), MMT protection, crack injecting (previous 6 months) |
HIV: 8 HCV: 9 |
Hope et al (2018)
33
- Hope VD
- Harris RJ
- Vickerman P
- et al.
A comparability of two organic markers of current hepatitis C virus (HCV) an infection: implications for the monitoring of interventions and methods to cut back HCV transmission amongst individuals who inject medication.
|
2011–13 |
England, Wales, and Northern Eire, UK |
Cross-sectional |
Homelessness previously 12 months |
HCV |
2816 |
12·3 |
RR 1·40 (1·02–1·92) |
NA |
3 |
| Hope (unpublished estimate) |
2006–09 |
Birmingham, Bristol, Glasgow, and Leeds, UK |
Cross-sectional
53
- Turner KM
- Hutchinson S
- Vickerman P
- et al.
The affect of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution remedy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug customers: pooling of UK proof.
|
Homelessness previously 12 months |
HCV |
1247 |
16·9 |
RR 1·85 (0·72–4·73);aRR 1·62 (0·55–4·56) |
Current incarceration (previous 12 months), present OST standing, cocaine use, length of injecting |
6 |
| Judd (unpublished estimate) |
2001–03 |
London and Brighton, UK |
Potential cohort
54
- Judd A
- Hickman M
- Jones S
- et al.
Incidence of hepatitis C virus and HIV amongst new injecting drug customers in London: potential cohort research.
|
Unstable housing previously 12 months |
HIV and HCV |
HIV: 263 HCV: 149 |
HIV: 3·5 HCV: 39·7 |
HIV: HR 0·94 (0·23–3·76) HCV: HR 1·53 (0·84–2·77) |
NA |
HIV: 5 HCV: 5 |
| Kåberg (unpublished estimate) |
1987–2020 |
Stockholm, Sweden |
Retrospective cohort
55
- Kåberg M
- Navér G
- Hammarberg A
- Weiland O
Incidence and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in individuals who inject medication on the Stockholm Needle Trade-importance for HCV elimination.
|
Homelessness previously 3 months |
HCV |
832 |
17·5 |
HR 2·12 (1·62–2·78) |
NA |
5 |
Kral et al (2001)
56
- Kral AH
- Bluthenthal RN
- Lorvick J
- Gee L
- Bacchetti P
- Edlin BR
Sexual transmission of HIV-1 amongst injection drug customers in San Francisco, USA: risk-factor evaluation.
|
1986–98 |
San Francisco, CA, USA |
Case management |
Present homelessness |
HIV |
6115 |
1·2 |
OR 1·24 (0·71–2·17) |
NA |
4 |
| Kurth (unpublished estimate) |
2012–15 |
Nairobi and Coastal area of Kenya |
Retrospective cohort
57
- Kurth AE
- Cleland CM
- Des Jarlais DC
- et al.
HIV prevalence, estimated incidence, and threat behaviours amongst individuals who inject medication in Kenya.
|
Present homelessness |
HIV |
978 |
2·6 |
IRR 3·45 (1·48–7·62) |
NA |
5 |
Lucidarme et al (2004)
58
- Lucidarme D
- Bruandet A
- Ilef D
- et al.
Incidence and threat elements of HCV and HIV infections in a cohort of intravenous drug customers within the north and east of France.
|
1999–2001 |
Northern and japanese France |
Potential cohort |
Unstable housing previously 3 months |
HCV |
165 |
9·0 |
IRR 2·20 (0·51–7·22) |
NA |
5 |
| Maher (unpublished estimate) |
1999–2002 |
New South Wales, Australia |
Potential cohort
59
- Maher L
- Jalaludin B
- Chant KG
- et al.
Incidence and threat elements for hepatitis C seroconversion in injecting drug customers in Australia.
|
Unstable housing previously 6 months |
HCV |
258 |
26·1 |
HR 1·01 (0·31–3·23) |
NA |
6 |
| Maher (unpublished estimate) |
2008–14 |
Sydney, NSW, Australia |
Potential cohort
60
- White B
- Madden A
- Prins M
- et al.
Assessing the feasibility of hepatitis C virus vaccine trials: outcomes from the Hepatitis C Incidence and Transmission Examine-community (HITS-c) vaccine preparedness research.
|
Unstable housing previously 6 months |
HCV |
169 |
6·6 |
HR 1·17 (0·58–2·36) |
NA |
7 |
| Mehta (unpublished estimate) |
1993–2019 |
Baltimore, MD, USA |
Potential cohort
61
- Smith DK
- Pan Y
- Rose CE
- et al.
A quick screening software to evaluate the chance of contracting HIV an infection amongst energetic injection drug customers.
|
Homelessness previously 6 months |
HIV and HCV |
HIV: 2456 HCV: 1731 |
HIV: 1·1 HCV: 0·9 |
HIV: IRR 1·58 (1·15–2·17);aIRR 1·16 (0·84–1·60);HCV: IRR 1·74 (1·11–2·73);aIRR 1·66 (1·01–2·74) |
Injected cocaine in previous 6 months; incarcerated in previous 6 months; OST or MAT |
HIV: 8 HCV:9 |
| Mehta (unpublished estimate) |
2013 |
India |
Cross-sectional
62
- Lucas GM
- Solomon SS
- Srikrishnan AK
- et al.
Excessive HIV burden amongst individuals who inject medication in 15 Indian cities.
|
Present homelessness |
HIV |
9440 |
5·2 |
IRR 1·56 (0·90–2·70);aIRR 1·52 (0·88–2·63) |
Injected stimulants in previous 6 months, participated in OST programme in previous 6 months, incarcerated in previous 6 months |
6 |
| Morris (unpublished estimate) |
2000–19 |
San Francisco, CA, USA |
Potential cohort
63
- Morris MD
- Yen IH
- Shiboski S
- Evans JL
- Web page Okay
Housing stability and hepatitis C an infection for younger adults who inject medication: analyzing the connection of constant and intermittent housing standing on HCV an infection threat.
|
Homelessness previously 3 months |
HCV |
712 |
24·9 |
HR 1·95 (1·44–2·64);aHR 1·65 (1·21–2·25) |
Gender, age, injecting frequency, current unsafe injecting behaviours, variety of injecting companions |
5 |
Niccolai et al (2011)
64
- Niccolai LM
- Verevochkin SV
- Toussova OV
- et al.
Estimates of HIV incidence amongst drug customers in St. Petersburg, Russia: continued development of a quickly increasing epidemic.
|
2005–08 |
St Petersburg, Russia |
Cross-sectional |
Homelessness previously 12 months |
HIV |
438 |
Estimate 1: 18·7
*
* Two estimates for HIV incidence have been accessible due to use of two totally different formulation for incidence estimation to regulate for misclassification on account of sensitivity and specificity traits of the BED EIA.
estimate 2: 20·0
*
* Two estimates for HIV incidence have been accessible due to use of two totally different formulation for incidence estimation to regulate for misclassification on account of sensitivity and specificity traits of the BED EIA.
|
RR 0·70 (0·33–1·52) |
NA |
4 |
Palmateer et al (2014)
65
- Palmateer NE
- Taylor A
- Goldberg DJ
- et al.
Speedy decline in HCV incidence amongst individuals who inject medication related to nationwide scale-up in protection of a mix of hurt discount interventions.
|
2008–12 |
Scotland, UK |
Cross-sectional |
Homelessness previously 6 months |
HCV |
7951 |
10·0 |
RR 3·80 (2·20–6·57) |
NA |
5 |
| Sacks-Davis (unpublished estimate) |
2005–10 |
Melbourne, VIC, Australia |
Potential cohort
66
- Sacks-Davis R
- Aitken CK
- Higgs P
- et al.
Excessive charges of hepatitis C virus reinfection and spontaneous clearance of reinfection in individuals who inject medication: a potential cohort research.
|
Present unstable housing |
HCV |
89 |
15·4 |
HR 1·63 (0·72–3·70):aHR 1·58 (0·66–3·79) |
OST (any pharmacotherapy previously 3 months), kind of an infection (main, reinfection), correlation inside people |
6 |
Samo et al (2013)
67
- Samo RN
- Altaf A
- Agha A
- et al.
Excessive HIV incidence amongst individuals who inject medication in Pakistan: higher threat with needle sharing and injecting incessantly among the many homeless.
|
2009–11 |
Karachi, Pakistan |
Potential cohort |
Present homelessness |
HIV |
474 |
12·4 |
IRR 1·70 (1·20–2·50);aIRR 1·70 (1·10–2·50) |
Sharing of syringes, non-Muslim faith, every day frequency of injecting medication, supply of registration (registered with drop-in centres via outreach in contrast with different strategies), bodily incapacity, month-to-month earnings and sources of syringes or needles |
5 |
Schulkind et al (2019)
68
- Schulkind J
- Stephens B
- Ahmad F
- et al.
Excessive response and re-infection charges amongst individuals who inject medication handled for hepatitis C in a group needle and syringe programme.
|
2012–16 |
Dundee, UK |
Potential cohort |
Present unstable housing |
HCV |
94 |
21·5 |
IRR: 0·42 (0·06–3·23) |
NA |
6 |
Spittal et al (2012)
69
- Spittal PM
- Pearce ME
- Chavoshi N
- et al.
The Cedar Undertaking: excessive incidence of HCV infections in a longitudinal research of younger Aboriginal individuals who use medication in two Canadian cities.
|
2003–09 |
Vancouver, BC, Canada |
Potential cohort |
Homelessness previously 6 months |
HCV |
148 |
11·6 |
HR 1·26 (0·83–1·90) |
NA |
5 |
| Strathdee (unpublished estimate) |
2006–10 |
Tijuana, Mexico |
Potential cohort
70
- Strathdee SA
- Lozada R
- Pollini RA
- et al.
Particular person, social, and environmental influences related to HIV an infection amongst injection drug customers in Tijuana, Mexico.
|
Unstable housing previously 6 months |
HIV |
812 |
0·9 |
HR 1·50 (0·55–4·07) |
NA |
7 |
| Strathdee (unpublished estimate) |
2011–20 |
Tijuana, Mexico |
Potential cohort
71
- Robertson AM
- Garfein RS
- Wagner KD
- et al.
Evaluating the affect of Mexico’s drug coverage reforms on individuals who inject medication in Tijuana, B.C., Mexico, and San Diego, CA, United States: a binational combined strategies analysis agenda.
|
Unstable housing previously 6 months |
HIV |
472 |
2·5 |
HR 2·10 (1·13–3·90) |
NA |
5 |
Sypsa et al (2017)
31
- Sypsa V
- Psichogiou M
- Paraskevis D
- et al.
Speedy decline in HIV incidence amongst individuals who inject medication throughout a fast-track mixture prevention program after an HIV outbreak in Athens.
|
2012–13 |
Athens, Greece |
Retrospective cohort |
Present homelessness |
HIV |
3320 |
4·5 |
HR 1·75 (1·30–2·36);aHR 1·96 (0·98–3·85) |
Age, intercourse, nation of origin, historical past of any imprisonment, dimension of participant’s community of PWID, at the moment on OST programme, most important substance of use, injecting drug use in previous 1 month, frequency of injecting drug use, sharing syringes, use of medicine divided with a syringe that another person had already used for injection |
8 |
| Sypsa (unpublished estimate) |
2012–13 |
Athens, Greece |
Retrospective cohort
31
- Sypsa V
- Psichogiou M
- Paraskevis D
- et al.
Speedy decline in HIV incidence amongst individuals who inject medication throughout a fast-track mixture prevention program after an HIV outbreak in Athens.
|
Present homelessness |
HCV |
63 |
64·5 |
IRR 2·31 (0·86–6·19) |
NA |
5 |
Thorpe et al (2002)
72
- Thorpe LE
- Ouellet LJ
- Hershow R
- et al.
Danger of hepatitis C virus an infection amongst younger grownup injection drug customers who share injection tools.
|
1997–99 |
Chicago, IL, USA |
Potential cohort |
Homelessness previously 6 months |
HCV |
353 |
10·0 |
HR 0·76 (0·31–1·86);aHR 0·63 (0·25–1·58) |
Injection associated threat exposures (sharing cookers, sharing cotton filters, sharing rinse water, sharing syringes), demographic covariates (high-school diploma, suburban residence), drug use covariates (every day injection previously 6 months, cocaine injection previously 6 months) |
6 |
| Todd (unpublished estimate) |
2007–09 |
Kabul, Afghanistan |
Potential cohort
73
- Todd CS
- Nasir A
- Stanekzai MR
- et al.
Hepatitis C and HIV incidence and hurt discount program use in a battle setting: an observational cohort of injecting drug customers in Kabul, Afghanistan.
|
Homelessness previously 6 months |
HIV and HCV |
HIV: 316 HCV: 191 |
HIV: 1·5 HCV: 40·4 |
HIV: HR 0·45 (0·05–3·91) HCV: HR 0·76 (0·45–1·29) |
NA |
HIV: 6 HCV: 6 |
| Valencia (unpublished estimate) |
2003–16 |
Madrid, Spain |
Potential cohort
74
- La Rosa JV
- Ryan P
- Alvaro-Meca A
- et al.
HCV seroconversion in a cohort of people that use medication adopted in a cellular hurt discount unit in Madrid: breaking boundaries for HCV elimination.
|
Present homelessness |
HCV |
127 |
60·4 |
HR 3·82 (0·80–16·9);aHR 4·90 (1·07–23·1) |
Crack injecting, OST publicity |
7 |
Vallejo et al (2015)
75
- Vallejo F
- Barrio G
- Brugal MT
- et al.
Excessive hepatitis C virus prevalence and incidence in a group cohort of younger heroin injectors in a context of intensive hurt discount programmes.
|
2001–06 |
Barcelona, Madrid, and Valencia, Spain |
Potential cohort |
Unstable housing previously 12 months |
HCV |
513 |
39·8 |
IRR 1·71 (0·9–3·25) |
NA |
5 |
| Van Santen (unpublished estimate) |
1989–2014 |
Amsterdam, Netherlands |
Potential cohort
76
- Van Den Berg C
- Smit C
- Van Brussel G
- Coutinho R
- Prins M
Full participation in hurt discount programmes is related to decreased threat for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus: proof from the Amsterdam Cohort Research amongst drug customers.
|
Homelessness previously 6 months |
HIV and HCV |
HIV: 690 HCV: 174 |
HIV: 1·2 HCV:3·9 |
HIV: HR 2·02 (1·01–4·02);aHR 2·02 (1·01–4·01) HCV: HR 2·95 (1·39–6·23);aHR 3·04 (1·42–6·52) |
Methadone dosing (no methadone vs <60 mg/day vs ≥60 mg/day) |
HIV: 6 HCV: 6 |
| Wijnand (unpublished estimate) |
2011–19 |
Melbourne, VIC, Australia |
Potential cohort
77
- Horyniak D
- Higgs P
- Jenkinson R
- et al.
Establishing the Melbourne Injecting Drug Person Cohort Examine (MIX): rationale, strategies, and baseline and twelve-month follow-up outcomes.
|
Present homelessness or unstable housing |
HCV |
125 |
5·7 |
Homelessness: HR 1·18 (0·16–8·86);aHR 1·09 (0·14–8·59) Unstable housing: HR 1·19 (0·41–3·48);aHR 1·21 (0·40–3·68) |
Methamphetamine (ice, crystal, or shabu) injected previously month, OST |
8 |
